THEORIES WITH Authors

THEORIES WITH Authors

1. Aestheticism – 

often associated with Romanticism, a philosophy defining aesthetic value as the primary goal in understanding literature. This includes both literary critics who have tried to understand and/or identify aesthetic values and those like Oscar Wilde who have stressed art for art's sake.

I.Oscar Wilde, 

II.Walter Pater, 

III.Harold Bloom

2. American pragmatism and other American approaches

I.Harold Bloom, 

II.Stanley Fish, 

III.Richard Rorty

3. Cognitive Cultural Studies – 

applies research in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive evolutionary psychology and anthropology, and philosophy of mind to the study of literature and culture

I.Frederick Luis Aldama, 

II.Mary Thomas Crane, 

III.Nancy Easterlin, 

IV.William Flesch, 

V.David Herman, 

VI.Suzanne Keen, 

VII.Patrick Colm Hogan, 

VIIIAlan Richardson, 

IX.Ellen Spolsky, 

X.Blakey Vermeule, 

XI.Lisa Zunshine

4. Cultural studies – 

emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life

I.Raymond Williams, 

II.Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall (British Cultural Studies); 

III.Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno; 

IV.Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory

5. Deconstruction – 

a strategy of "close" reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable

I.Jacques Derrida, 

II.Paul de Man, 

III.J. Hillis Miller, 

IV.Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, 

V.Gayatri Spivak, 

VI.Avital Ronell

6. Eco-criticism – 

explores cultural connections and human relationships to the natural world.

7. Gender – 

which emphasizes themes of gender relations

I.Luce Irigaray, 

II.Judith Butler, 

III.Hélène Cixous, 

IV.Elaine Showalter

8. Formalism – 

a school of literary criticism and literary theory having mainly to do with structural purposes of a particular text

8. German hermeneutics and philology

I.Friedrich Schleiermacher, 

II.Wilhelm Dilthey, 

III.Hans-Georg Gadamer, 

IV.Erich Auerbach, 

V.René Wellek

9. Marxism (Marxist literary criticism) – 

which emphasizes themes of class conflict

I.Georg Lukács, 

II.Valentin Voloshinov, 

III.Raymond Williams, 

IV.Terry Eagleton, 

V.Fredric Jameson, 

VI.Theodor Adorno, 

VII.Walter Benjamin

10.New Criticism – 

looks at literary works on the basis of what is written, and not at the goals of the author or biographical issues

I.W. K. Wimsatt, 

II.F. R. Leavis, 

III.John Crowe Ransom, 

IV.Cleanth Brooks, 

V.Robert Penn Warren

11.New Historicism – 

which examines the work through its historical context and seeks to understand cultural and intellectual history through literature

I.Stephen Greenblatt, 

II.Louis Montrose, 

III.Jonathan Goldberg, 

IV.H. Aram Veeser

12. Postcolonialism – 

focuses on the influences of colonialism in literature, especially regarding the historical conflict resulting from the exploitation of less developed countries and indigenous peoples by Western nations

I.Edward Said, 

II.Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 

III.Homi Bhabha and Declan Kiberd

13. Postmodernism – 

criticism of the conditions present in the twentieth century, often with concern for those viewed as social deviants or the Other

I.Michel Foucault, 

II.Roland Barthes, 

III.Gilles Deleuze, 

IV.Félix Guattari 

V. Maurice Blanchot

14. Post-struc

turalism – 

a catch-all term for various theoretical approaches (such as deconstruction) that criticize or go beyond Structuralism's aspirations to create a rational science of culture by extrapolating the model of linguistics to other discursive and aesthetic formations

I.Roland Barthes, 

II.Michel Foucault, 

III.Julia Kristeva

15. Psychoanalysis (psychoanalytic literary criticism) – explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text

I. Sigmund Freud, 

II.Jacques Lacan, 

III.Harold Bloom, 

IV.Slavoj Žižek, 

V.Viktor Tausk

16. Queer theory – 

examines, questions, and criticizes the role of gender identity and sexuality in literature

I.Judith Butler, 

II.Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 

III.Michel Foucault

17. Reader-response criticism – 

focuses upon the active response of the reader to a text

I.Louise Rosenblatt, 

II.Wolfgang Iser, 

III.Norman Holland, 

IV.Hans-Robert Jauss, 

V.Stuart Hall

18. Russian formalism

I.Victor Shklovsky, 

II.Vladimir Propp

19.Structuralism and semiotics (see semiotic literary criticism) – 

examines the universal underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures

I.Ferdinand de Saussure, 

II.Roman Jakobson, 

III.Claude Lévi-Strauss, 

IV.Roland Barthes, 

V.Mikhail Bakhtin, 

VI.Yurii Lotman, 

VII.Umberto Eco, 

VIII.Jacques Ehrmann, 

IX.Northrop FFry

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Authors, Literary works & Important Characters

William Shakespeare:

King Lear (Play) King Lear; Goneril; Regan; Cordelia

Hamlet (Play) Hamlet; Ophelia; Claudius; Gertrude

Othello (Play) Othello; Desdemona

Macbeth (Play) Macbeth; Lady Macbeth; Duncan; Banquo; Three Witches

Twelfth Night(Play) Viola; Duke Orsino; Malvolio; Olivia; Sebastian

Measure for Measure (Play) Isabella; Juliet; Lucio; Angelo; Claudio

The Tempest (Play) Prospero; Miranda; Ferdinand; Caliban; Ariel

Merchant of Venice (Play) Shylock; Portia; Antonio; Bassanio; Jessica

John Milton:

Paradise Lost (Epic) Adam; Eve; Satan; Raphael; Michael.

Jane Austen:

Pride and Prejudice (Novel)

Mr. Darcy; Elizabeth Bennet; Jane Bennet; Charles Bingley;

Mr. William Collins; Kitty Bennet; Lydia Bennet.

Charlotte Bronte:

Jane Eyre (Novel)

Jane Eyre; Edward Rochester; Georgiana; Reed; Bertha Mason.

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English Literature MCQ (Early -1550)

• Goethe defined literature “the humanization of the whole world”

• In 450 coming of Saxons to England

• Bede wrote Ecclesiastical History of the English People in 731

• Weimer Classicism is a cultural and literary movement, the movement from 1772 until 1805 involved John Wolfgang von Goethe as German literary writer.

• His first novel was The Sorrow of Young Werther

• Anglo-Saxon literature ranges from 7th to 11th

• Anglo-Saxons were people who in habitated from Germanic Tribes. Anglo-Saxon periods denote the early settlement of British history until the Norman conquest, between about 450 and 1066.

• Norman were from Scandinavia

• Norman defeat the Anglo Saxon King in the battle of Hastings in 1066

• Normans brought with them Chornicles

• Anglo Saxon Poetry has been derived from Church

• The main result of the victory of Normans over French as they lost their civilization

• William , the duke of Normandy became the master of England beating the last of the Saxon Kings

• The main outcome of the battle of the Hastings in 1066 was that it changed the civilization of whole nation

• Chanson National Epic is also known as “Chanson de Roland”

• Complete history of Britons was written by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who was a Welsh Monk

• Battle of Hastings , Death of Edward and William of Normandy becomes the king in 1066

• Advocate’s Library gives a complete picture of Normandy Literature

• Merri Greenwood Men ballads were later collected into Geste of Robin Hood

• Seven Wise Masters is a collection of French oriental tales

• The Matter of Greece , is related to tales of Alexander

• Alisoun is the melodious love song written at the end of 13th century

• Rule of Achoresses